How to write a resume, step by step

Most resume advice starts with formatting, which is the last thing that matters. Start with what you did, get it on the page in plain language, then shape it. This is the order that works.

Updated

1. Dump everything first

Before worrying about wording, list every role, project, and responsibility you can remember, along with any number attached to it — team size, budget, users, latency, revenue, error rate, headcount you hired. Don't edit while you do this. You are building raw material.

This stage is uncomfortable because it looks like a mess. That is fine. A messy list of true specifics beats a tidy page of vague claims, and everything after this is subtraction.

2. Decide what the resume is for

A resume is not a career history, it is an argument for one particular job. Pick the role you are actually applying for and let it decide what stays. The consultancy work is essential on one application and a distraction on another.

If you are applying for materially different roles, keep separate versions. Tailoring beats a single document that hedges between two directions.

3. Write the experience section first

It is the section that gets read, so write it while you are fresh. For each role: what you owned, what you changed, and what the result was. Three to five bullets for recent roles, one or two for older ones.

Lead every bullet with a verb and put the outcome where it can't be missed. "Cut onboarding time from three weeks to four days by rebuilding the setup flow" says more in one line than a paragraph of responsibilities.

4. Then the summary

Write the summary last, even though it sits first. Once the experience section exists, the summary is a distillation of it — two or three sentences on what you do, the ground you cover, and what you are strongest at.

Skip the adjectives. "Results-driven professional with a passion for excellence" is invisible to a reader; "Backend engineer, nine years, payments and identity systems in regulated fintech" is not.

5. Education, skills, and the rest

Education goes near the bottom once you have a few years of experience, and near the top before that. List skills you could be interviewed on — a language you used once does not belong next to the one you have shipped production systems in.

Everything else is optional and earns its place only if it supports the argument: projects if they show work your jobs don't, volunteering if it demonstrates relevant scope, languages if the role is international.

6. Cut it down

One page under ten years of experience, two beyond that. This constraint is what forces the quality up — when a line has to compete for space, the weak ones become obvious.

Read it as a stranger would: ten seconds, top to bottom. If the most impressive thing you have done isn't visible in that pass, move it up.

Common questions

How long should a resume be?

One page for under ten years of experience, two beyond that. Academic CVs are the exception and run longer by convention.

Should I include a photo?

It depends on where you're applying. Photos are normal in much of continental Europe and the Middle East, and discouraged in the US, UK, Canada and Australia, where they raise discrimination concerns.

Do I need a cover letter?

Only where one is asked for, and it should say something the resume can't — why this company, or an explanation the history needs. A cover letter that restates the resume is worse than none.

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